Journal: Science Advances
Article Title: Biomechanical simulations reveal a trade-off between adaptation to glacial climate and dietary niche versatility in European cave bears
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9462
Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Model of U. ingressus skull showing the disposition of the sinuses in the frontal dome (left) and its topographical relationship with the brain. ( B ) Centers of gravity (black circles) of mandible muscle insertion areas. Centers of gravity are represented by black circles. ( C ) Simulation of loading muscle forces used in biomechanical simulations and obtained with the BONELOAD script in MATLAB. ( D ) Muscle attachments of the skull used in the biomechanical simulations and the nodal restraint (red points) used for each biting scenario. C, canine; P, premolar; M, molar; i.t.m., internal pterygoid muscle (green); m.m., masseter muscle group (dark pink); t.m., temporalis muscle group (dark blue); t.m.j., temporo-mandibular joint; m.s., mandibular symphysis.
Article Snippet: Last, the centroids of the attachment areas of masticatory muscles on the mandible and the muscle attachment sites for both the mandible and the cranium for the left and right temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid group ( ) were imported into the BONELOAD script in MATLAB software to distribute the calculated muscle forces over the attachment areas using the tangential forces ( ).
Techniques: